【姚甜心寶貝一包養網海濤】先秦儒家論玉的思惟視界——以孔子、孟子、荀子為例

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The thinking and visual world of Confucian jade in pre-Qin Dynasty

—Taking Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi as examples

Author: Yao Haibing (Qingshima Urban College)

Source: Author Authorization Confucian Internet Published

          Original in “Taiyuan Teachers’ and Fan Academy Report” 2018 Issue 1

[Abstract]Pre-Qin Dynasty Confucian jade has clear school inheritance characteristics, is clearly characterized in terms of theory, and shows business travel characteristics in terms of thinking. It can be said that “jade” is presented in color. Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi discussed that jade did not discuss the shape of the vessel, but the quality revealed by the jade, and it also had the characteristic of discussing jade by analogy. Confucius discussed jade from the perspective of virtue and jade. Mencius discussed jade as the most important feature is to use jade to describe politics and jade to describe people, while Xunzi discussed it from multiple perspectives and fields such as virtue and jade, gifted jade, and talented jade. The pre-Qin Confucian jade theory greatly added the philosophical connotation of the Chinese jade civilization, opened up the broad thinking and vision of the jade civilization, and enhanced the civilized morality and energy value of jade. Just as Confucian civilization later became the mainstream of Chinese civilization, the theoretical point of Confucianism on the effectiveness and value of jade has also become the most important component of the Chinese jade civilization.

[Keyword]Pre-Qin Confucianism; Jade; Thinking and Vision

[Article No.][Chinese Graphic Classification Number]B22[Literary Tag Code]A

Introduction

The history of the Chinese jade civilization can be traced back to the Old Stone Age. Jade has the characteristics of color, the delicateness of the texture, the warmth of the touch, the visual light transmittance, and the loud sound of the sound. This forms a clear contrast with the popular stone structure, which leads to the phenomenon of admiration for jade. As early as the original prestige thousands of years ago, jade has become a kind of aesthetic existence and a mysterious existence due to its internal form, and has been given multiple civilizational meanings such as aesthetic nature and spirit. Judging from the archaeological unearthed jade, whether it is the Red Mountain civilization in the south or the Liangzhu civilization in the south, a large number of jade artifacts with reckless shapes and beautiful appearances have been unearthed. In the study of these jade artifacts, the academic community has broadly understood the secret property of jade in this period – the spirit. Tongling jade is the pure art of tribute to civilizations from ancient times, and it also became the magnificence of the gifted civilization that later praised by Confucianism. As a kind of stone, jade is a kind of stone, because of its multicolor nature and its warmth and lightness, it opened the human world of aesthetic recognition and understanding of “diamond by color” in the old stone era. Jade is also loved and admired by people because of its rare nature, sacredness and warm nature, and gradually has the characteristics of a person. It can be seen that jade has never been a pure natural existence, but a civilizationExist in a body. From the late witch civilization, “the things that are connected to the spirit” developed to the objects that have been rigorously made in the shape of the simplified shape, jade presents a transformation process from the objects that are exclusive to the spirit to the things that are available to ordinary people in daily life. The trinity process of jade from natural attributes to aesthetic attributes and then to the secret attributes of the Auspicious attributes. In this process, jade also completed the triple addition and theoretical transformation of natural objects, beautiful objects and secret objects.

With the advancement of human polishing technology, we have a deeper understanding of value for jade. So jade has multiple effects such as decoration, things, weapons, and memorial. People discovered jade and created jade, but in the late period, jade became a special object of divine spirit, jade for tributes, and something that dominated people. This long period of history will inevitably change with the reflection of the emotional era. To complete this change, the theory of Chinese jade still needs to wait for the opening of the pre-Qin sensual domain of the Arizona era. This is the process of jade being transformed from deification and humanization, and the transformation from a mysterious and elegant way of life. That is, jade being transformed from an intermediary that communicates with the divine relationship to becoming a human being, a man who cultivates and virtues to a man who treats beauty and beauty.

From the accumulation and practical exploration of the theory of jade civilization in the Xia, Shang and the long-term Western Zhou Dynasty, and when it was in the war of the national sect, it became a major topic of the pre-Qin sect. The pre-Qin period of the Hundred Schools of the Controversy was very wide, and it was exposed to many aspects such as the relationship between heaven and man, the relationship between life and life, and the blessing civilization. Jade theory has become an excellent field among many issues, leaving behind an incredible plot in the history of the development of the Chinese jade civilization. Yu also completed a change of color and color in the battle of the prickly. In this transformation, Jade lost the stone coat, and even abandoned the representative of material wealth, becoming a carton for thought.

The pre-Qin Dynasty Zi’s attitude towards jade is highly divergent from his philosophical thinking. For example, the pre-Qin Taoists also had a good impression of jade. Although they talk about jade, they did not care about the relationship between jade and morality, and did not praise jade that was strong, but only focused on the characteristic of unconventional jade. Therefore, the Taoist slogan of jade in the age of jade warrior is “not to be other than treasures.” [1]126 For example, the word “jade” appears only three times in “The Book of Characters”. The first time it appears in Chapter 9: “There is no one who can keep it.” [2] 93 This sentence is important to describe the philosophy of “degree” from a full perspective. It is believed that if you fail to get over the score, you must stop it. Only when you give up your achievements will be appropriate to “the way of heaven”. The second sentence appears in Chapter 39: “Therefore, you should take the tribute as the basis, and the higher the lower the base. Therefore, the princes and kings call themselves the lonely, the weak, and the ungray. Isn’t this based on the tribute as the basis? Isn’t it? Therefore, the most honorable person is not honored. Therefore, he does not want to be like jade and as lustful as stone.”[2]218 “Tao” forms the main essence and root of all things, so the kings and princes should have the political wisdom of “Tao”. The most important body of Tao is “based on sacrifice” and “bottom of the following”. He does not want to be as beautiful as jade, but he can be as realistic as a stone. The third sentence appears in Chapter 70: “It is 口期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期期� Lao Tzu’s resentment towards the rulers is beyond words. Regarding the use of Tao, Lao Tzu believed that “Tao” is the “baby treasure of evil people”. “I” have three treasures – “Ci”, “Yu” and “I dare not be the first in the country” [2]318. Lao Tzu discussed jade from the height of Tao, used jade to describe “Tao”, abandoning the civilized and meritorious efficacy of Gui, Zhang, Bi, Cong, Hu and Huang, and realizing the Taoist transformation of the definition of “bao”. The Mohist school is not happy or burial, but it is considered to be a damn hard work. It treats jade as if it is worn out. Of course, it cannot be discussed with any jade discussion.